Friday, 18 November 2011

10 THINGS ABOUT NOKIA

1) The ringtone "Nokia tune" is actually based on a 19th century guitar work named "Gran Vals" by Spanish musician Francisco Tárrega. The Nokia Tune was originally named "Grande Valse" onNokia phones but was changed to "Nokia Tune" around 1998 when it became so well known that people referred to it as the "Nokia Tune."

2) The world's first
 commercial GSM call was made in 1991 in Helsinki over a Nokia-supplied network, by Prime Minister of Finland Harri Holkeri, using a Nokia phone.

3) Nokia is currently the world's largest
 digital camera manufacturer, as the sales of its camera-equipped mobile phones have exceeded those of any conventional camera manufacturer.

4) The "Special" tone available to users of
 Nokia phones when receiving SMS (text messages) isactually Morse code for "SMS". Similarly, the "Ascending" SMS tone is Morse code for "Connecting People," Nokia's slogan. The "Standard" SMS tone is Morse code for "M" (Message).

5) The Nokia corporate font (typeface) is the AgfaMonotype Nokia Sans font, originally designed by Eric Spiekermann. Its mobile phone User's Guides Nokia mostly used the Agfa Rotis Sans font.

6) In Asia, the digit 4 never appears in any Nokia handset model number, because 4 is considered unlucky in many parts of Southeast/East Asia.

7) Nokia was listed as the 20th most admirable company worldwide in Fortune's list of 2006 (1st in network communications, 4th non-US company).

8. Unlike other modern day handsets,
 Nokia phones do not automatically start the call timer when the call is connected, but start it when the call is initiated. (Except for Series 60 based handsets like the Nokia 6600)

9) Nokia is sometimes called aikon (Nokia backwards) by non-Nokia mobile phone users and by mobile software developers, because "aikon" is used in various SDK
 software packages, including Nokia's own Symbian S60 SDK.

10) The name of the town of Nokia originated from the river which flowed through the town. The river itself, Nokianvirta, was named after the old Finnish word originally meaning sable, later pine marten. A species of this small, black-furred predatory animal was once found in the region, but it is now extinct.

Tuesday, 16 August 2011

GSM ( Global System for Mobile Communication )

        

   FEATURES
  • High quality audio and link integrity
  • High spectral efficiency
  • Identical system in all countries
  • Inter-system roaming
  • High degree of flexibility
  • Compatibility with other systems like ISDN
  • High security features
  • Additional features such ass SMS facsmile
  • Low cost infrastucture  
     GSM network area
  • GSM service area 
  • PLMN area 
  • MSC service area
  • Location area
  • Cells
 

Sunday, 10 July 2011

JFET(Junction Field Effect Transistor) VS MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET)

                    

                    JFET                                                                 MOSFET

  • Operates only in depletion mode                     .Operates  in depletion and Enhancement mode
  • Input resistance is high (10^8 Ohms)                 . Very high input resistance (10^9 - 10^18) 
  • High drain resistance                                        .  Low drain resistance 
  • Leakage current is more (10^-9A)                      .Less leakage current (10^-12A) 
  • Large gate current                                              . Lower gate current  
  • Posses some offset voltage                                 . Zero offset voltage


Note: Depletion MOSFET is also called dual mode MOSFET

Saturday, 21 May 2011

BJT vs FET ( JFET, MOSFET )



                  _____BJT - Bipolar Junction Transistor_____                                                    




   
   
  



Three terminal active electronics device
  Used for amplification and switching








Important Points 
  • The current flow through the transistor occurs due to holes and electrons 
  • John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain are the inventors of  transistor
  • In 1956 they won Nobel prize for the invention
  • The first transistor radio was made in 1954 ( Regency TR1 )  

     Doping
             
      The process of adding controlled amount of impurities to a semiconductor is called doping     

  • The 3 terminals are named Collector, Emitter, and Base
  • Emitter    :-     Heavily doped
  • Collector :-     Medium doped
  • Base        :-     Lightly doped 

     Configuarions 
  1. Common Base                -  Used as constant current source
  2. Common Collector         -  Voltage follower ( buffer )
  3. Common Emitter            -  Voltage and power amplifier
           

            Parameter                       CB                        CE                 CC
  • Input impedance              Very low               Low               Very high
  • Output impedance           Very high              Medium          Very low
  • Current gain                    Less than 1           High               Higher than CE
  • Voltage gain                     High                    High               Less than 1
  • Leakage current               Very small            Very high         Very high

     Operating regions

 
  1. Cut off region    -   Both input and output are reverse biased
  2. Active region  -  Normal region of operation, input forward and output reverse biased
  3. Saturation region - Both input and output are forward biased




    _____FET - Field Effect Transistor_____ 



        Classisfication
    1. JFET
    2. MOSFET
        JFET - Junction Field Effect Transistor 
        Classification
    1. N - type
    2. P - type

        MOSFET- Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET


       Classification
      1. Enhancement type
      2. Depletion type

      BJT vs FET

                              BJT                                       FET
      • Biploar                                                Unipolar
      • Current controlled                              Voltage controlled
      • Less input impedance                         High input impedance
      • More noise                                          Less noise
      • Difficult to fabricate                           Easy to fabricate
      • High gain-bandwidth product             Small gain-bandwidth product
              

      Monday, 16 May 2011

      RFID - Radio Frequency Identification





      RFID ( Radio Frequency Identification ) is an 
      emerging technology for the purpose of tracking and 
      identification of objects.







      RFID technology has two parts :-
      1. Tag
      2. Interrogator ( Reader )
      Important Points
      •  The tag consist of a microchip and an antenna coiled around it  
      • The microchip is used to store a unique identity and other information 
      • The interrogator emits radio waves to activate the tag

            OPERATION
               
            When an RFID tag is passed through an electromagnetic zone that is produced
             by the interrogator, it detects the activation signal. The reader ( interrogator )
            decodes the data encoded in the tag for processing.

            CLASSIFICATION

            RFID tags are classified into two based on the power source
            1. Active tags :- contains internal power source
            2. Passive tags :- depends upon the power of the radio waves
             Another classification is based on the programming
            1. Class 0 :- Pre-programmed
            2. Class 1 :- Can be programmed once
            3. Class 2 :- Can be programmed many

            RF Frequencies used
            1. Low frequency:    125 - 134.2 KHz
            2. High frequency:   13.56 MHz
            3. UHF :                    2.4 - 2.5 GHz 

            Tuesday, 10 May 2011

            Secret mobile phone codes

            Nokia codes

            • *#3370#           -          Enhanced Full Rate ( activate / deactivate )
            • *#06#               -          IMEI
            • *#7760#           -          Manufacture code 
            • *#92702689#    -          All details about the model ( manufacture data, model, used time etc ) 
            • 12345              -          Default password
            • *#3283#           -          Manufacture date
            • *#7370#           -          Restore factory settings


            Sony ericson codes



            •  *#0000#               -         Reset English menu
            • 904059+>             -         Phone test  ( 3+< to exit )
            • >+>>*<*               -         Secret menu
            • <**<                     -         Network info

            Saturday, 7 May 2011

            How to remove Recycle Bin from desktop

            Step1
            • Click Start- Run

            • Type gpedit.msc and press Enter or Click OK
                     Group Policy window will appear on the screen.

            Step2
            • Select User Configuration  
            • Click Administrative Templates, below to User configuration 
            • Double click on  Desktop option on the right side of the window 
            • Or click on the  '+' at the left of Administrative Templates and then click on Desktop option 
            • Or double click on Administrative Templates and select Desktop  
            • Double click on the option - Remove Recycle Bin icon from desktop 
            • Click on Enable  option on the window appear to remove Recycle Bin from desktop
                        • To restore Recycle bin, do all the steps mentioned above and select  disable option at the last step

                        Thursday, 5 May 2011

                        What is a diode


                        •  It is the first active electronic device  
                        • Diode is a two terminal active semi-conductor 
                        • Conducts only in forward biased condition 
                        • Mostly used for switching and rectification 
                        • The first semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes, developed around 1906


                                • Forward bias :-  +ve to Anode (A) and -ve to Cathode (K).
                                • Reverse bias :-   +ve to Cathode (K) and -ve to Anode (A).
                                • Forward voltage drop :- 0.7V.
                                • PIV :- Peak Inverse Voltage - ( Max. Voltage can be apply in reverse bias ).
                                • DC resistance : Vd / Id
                                • AC resistance : ⌂Vd / ⌂Id

                                Used for
                                •      Rectification
                                •      Switching 

                                Inventions related

                                • 1904 - Vac cum diode  - JA Fleming
                                • 1906 - Cat's whisker diode 
                                • 1938 - Shotkey diode ( hot carrier diode ) - Walter H Shotkey 
                                • 1958 - Tunnel diode -Leo Esaki
                                • 1963 - Gunn diode - Gunn


                                Check a diode




                                • Reverse bias   : High resistance ( more than 2000K typ ).
                                • Forward bias   : Low resistance ( 500R - 800R typ ).

                                Wednesday, 4 May 2011

                                How to make a variable power supply using LM317

                                 



                                        LM317 - 3 Terminal Positive Adjustable Regulator
                                  • Output range             -        1.2V - 37V 
                                  • Current capacity       -         1.5A 
                                  • Vout                           -        1.25 (1 + R2 / R1) + I adj * R2.                   ( I adj * R2 is neglected ) 
                                  • Package                     -        TO220 
                                  • Line regulation          -         0.01% 
                                  • Load regulation         -         0.1%                           
                                           *reference voltage - 1.25V


                                           Circuit


                                    *C2 - 10uf - 470uf 50V is better.( Electrolytic capacitor )
                                    *C1 - 0.1uf - Ceramic capacitor.
                                    *R1 must be 240R.( 0.125W)
                                    *R2 linear potentiometer.
                                    *Diode 1N4007 can be connected across Vout and Vin. 
                                      ( A of 1N4007 to Vout and K to Vin. )
                                     








                                    Tuesday, 3 May 2011

                                    RUN commands in Windows

                                    Program
                                    Run Command
                                    Accessibility Controls
                                    access.cpl
                                    Accessibility Wizard
                                    accwiz
                                    Add Hardware Wizard
                                    hdwwiz.cpl
                                    Add/Remove Programs
                                    appwiz.cpl
                                    Administrative Tools
                                    control admintools
                                    Adobe Acrobat ( if installed )
                                    acrobat
                                    Adobe Distiller ( if installed )
                                    acrodist
                                    Adobe ImageReady ( if installed )
                                    imageready
                                    Adobe Photoshop ( if installed )
                                    photoshop
                                    Automatic Updates
                                    wuaucpl.cpl

                                    Basic Media Player
                                    mplay32
                                    Bluetooth Transfer Wizard
                                    fsquirt

                                    Calculator
                                    calc
                                    Ccleaner ( if installed )
                                    ccleaner
                                    C: Drive
                                    c:
                                    Certificate Manager
                                    cdrtmgr.msc
                                    Character Map
                                    charmap
                                    Check Disk Utility
                                    chkdsk
                                    Clipboard Viewer
                                    clipbrd
                                    Command Prompt
                                    cmd
                                    Command Prompt
                                    command
                                    Component Services
                                    dcomcnfg
                                    Computer Management
                                    compmgmt.msc
                                    Compare Files
                                    comp
                                    Control Panel
                                    control
                                    Create a shared folder Wizard
                                    shrpubw

                                    Date and Time Properties
                                    timedate.cpl
                                    DDE Shares
                                    ddeshare
                                    Device Manager
                                    devmgmt.msc
                                    Direct X Control Panel ( if installed )
                                    directx.cpl
                                    Direct X Troubleshooter
                                    dxdiag
                                    Disk Cleanup Utility
                                    cleanmgr
                                    Disk Defragment
                                    dfrg.msc
                                    Disk Partition Manager
                                    diskmgmt.msc
                                    Display Properties
                                    control desktop
                                    Display Properties
                                    desk.cpl
                                    Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected )
                                    control color
                                    Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility
                                    drwtsn32
                                    Driver Verifier Utility
                                    verifier

                                    Ethereal ( if installed )
                                    ethereal
                                    Event Viewer
                                    eventvwr.msc

                                    Files and Settings Transfer Tool
                                    migwiz
                                    File Signature Verification Tool
                                    sigverif
                                    Findfast
                                    findfast.cpl
                                    Firefox
                                    firefox
                                    Folders Properties
                                    control folders
                                    Fonts
                                    fonts
                                    Fonts Folder
                                    fonts
                                    Free Cell Card Game
                                    freecell

                                    Game Controllers
                                    joy.cpl
                                    Group Policy Editor ( xp pro )
                                    gpedit.msc

                                    Hearts Card Game
                                    mshearts
                                    Help and Support
                                    helpctr
                                    Hyperterminal
                                    hypertrm
                                    Hotline Client
                                    hotlineclient

                                    Iexpress Wizard
                                    iexpress
                                    Indexing Service
                                    ciadv.msc
                                    Internet Connection Wizard
                                    icwonn1
                                    Internet Properties
                                    inetcpl.cpl
                                    Internet Setup Wizard
                                    inetwiz
                                    IP Configuration (Display Connection Configuration)
                                    ipconfig /all
                                    IP Configuration (Display DNS Cache Contents)
                                    ipconfig /displaydns
                                    IP Configuration (Delete DNS Cache Contents)
                                    ipconfig /flushdns
                                    IP Configuration (Release All Connections)
                                    ipconfig /release
                                    IP Configuration (Renew All Connections)
                                    ipconfig /renew
                                    IP Configuration (Refreshes DHCP & Re-Registers DNS)
                                    ipconfig /registerdns
                                    IP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID)
                                    ipconfig /showclassid
                                    IP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID)
                                    ipconfig /setclassid

                                    Java Control Panel ( if installed )
                                    jpicpl32.cpl
                                    Java Control Panel ( if installed )
                                    javaws

                                    Keyboard Properties
                                    control keyboard

                                    Local Security Settings
                                    secpol.msc
                                    Local Users and Groups
                                    lusrmgr.msc
                                    Logs You Out of Windows
                                    logoff

                                    Malicious Software Removal Tool
                                    mrt
                                    Microsoft Access ( if installed )
                                    access.cpl
                                    Microsoft Chat
                                    winchat
                                    Microsoft Excel ( if installed )
                                    excel
                                    Microsoft Diskpart
                                    diskpart
                                    Microsoft Frontpage ( if installed )
                                    frontpg
                                    Microsoft Movie Maker
                                    moviemk
                                    Microsoft Management Console
                                    mmc
                                    Microsoft Narrator
                                    narrator
                                    Microsoft Paint
                                    mspaint
                                    Microsoft Powerpoint
                                    powerpnt
                                    Microsoft Word ( if installed )
                                    winword
                                    Microsoft Syncronization Tool
                                    mobsync
                                    Minesweeper Game
                                    winmine
                                    Mouse Properties
                                    control mouse
                                    Mouse Properties
                                    main.cpl
                                    MS-Dos Editor
                                    edit
                                    MS-Dos FTP
                                    ftp

                                    Nero ( if installed )
                                    nero
                                    Netmeeting
                                    conf
                                    Network Connections
                                    control netconnections
                                    Network Connections
                                    ncpa.cpl
                                    Network Setup Wizard
                                    netsetup.cpl
                                    Notepad
                                    notepad
                                    Nview Desktop Manager ( if installed )
                                    nvtuicpl.cpl

                                    Object Packager
                                    packager
                                    ODBC Data Source Administrator
                                    odbccp32
                                    ODBC Data Source Administrator
                                    odbccp32.cpl
                                    On Screen Keyboard
                                    osk
                                    Opens AC3 Filter ( if installed )
                                    ac3filter.cpl
                                    Outlook Express
                                    msimn

                                    Paint
                                    pbrush
                                    Password Properties
                                    password.cpl
                                    Performance Monitor
                                    perfmon.msc
                                    Performance Monitor
                                    perfmon
                                    Phone and Modem Options
                                    telephon.cpl
                                    Phone Dialer
                                    dialer
                                    Pinball Game
                                    pinball
                                    Power Configuration
                                    powercfg.cpl
                                    Printers and Faxes
                                    control printers
                                    Printers Folder
                                    printers
                                    Private Characters Editor
                                    eudcedit

                                    Quicktime ( if installed )
                                    quicktime.cpl
                                    Quicktime Player ( if installed )
                                    quicktimeplayer

                                    Real Player ( if installed )
                                    realplay
                                    Regional Settings
                                    intl.cpl
                                    Registry Editor
                                    regedit
                                    Registry Editor
                                    regedit32
                                    Remote Access Phonebook
                                    rasphone
                                    Remote Desktop
                                    mstsc
                                    Removable Storage
                                    ntmsmgr.msc
                                    Removable Storage Operator Requests
                                    ntmsoprq.msc
                                    Resultant Set of Policy ( xp pro )
                                    rsop.msc

                                    Scanners and Cameras
                                    sticpl.cpl
                                    Scheduled Tasks
                                    control schedtasks
                                    Security Center
                                    wscui.cpl
                                    Services
                                    services.msc
                                    Shared Folders
                                    fsmgmt.msc
                                    Sharing Session
                                    rtcshare
                                    Shuts Down Windows
                                    shutdown
                                    Sounds Recorder
                                    sndrec32
                                    Sounds and Audio
                                    mmsys.cpl
                                    Spider Solitare Card Game
                                    spider
                                    SQL Client Configuration
                                    clicongf
                                    System Configuration Editor
                                    sysedit
                                    System Configuration Utility
                                    msconfig
                                    System File Checker Utility ( Scan Immediately )
                                    sfc /scannow
                                    System File Checker Utility ( Scan Once At Next Boot )
                                    sfc /scanonce
                                    System File Checker Utility ( Scan On Every Boot )
                                    sfc /scanboot
                                    System File Checker Utility ( Return to Default Settings)
                                    sfc /revert
                                    System File Checker Utility ( Purge File Cache )
                                    sfc /purgecache
                                    System File Checker Utility ( Set Cache Size to Size x )
                                    sfc /cachesize=x
                                    System Information
                                    msinfo32
                                    System Properties
                                    sysdm.cpl

                                    Task Manager
                                    taskmgr
                                    TCP Tester
                                    tcptest
                                    Telnet Client
                                    telnet
                                    Tweak UI ( if installed )
                                    tweakui

                                    User Account Management
                                    nusrmgr.cpl
                                    Utility Manager
                                    utilman

                                    Volume Serial Number for C:
                                    label
                                    Volume Control
                                    sndvol32

                                    Windows Address Book
                                    wab
                                    Windows Address Book Import Utility
                                    wabmig
                                    Windows Backup Utility ( if installed )
                                    ntbackup
                                    Windows Explorer
                                    explorer
                                    Windows Firewall
                                    firewall.cpl
                                    Windows Installer Details
                                    msiexec
                                    Windows Magnifier
                                    magnify
                                    Windows Management Infrastructure
                                    wmimgmt.msc
                                    Windows Media Player
                                    wmplayer
                                    Windows Messenger
                                    msnsgs
                                    Windows Picture Import Wizard (Need camera connected)
                                    wiaacmgr
                                    Windows System Security Tool
                                    syskey
                                    Windows Script host settings
                                    wscript
                                    Widnows Update Launches
                                    wupdmgr
                                    Windows Version ( shows your windows version )
                                    winver
                                    Windows XP Tour Wizard
                                    tourstart
                                    Wordpad
                                    write

                                    Zoom Utility
                                    igfxzoom